Tổng hợp Section 3-4 topic Environment (Biology, Agriculture…) IELTS LISTENING (PDF)

Bên cạnh Phân tích đề thi "spend their leisure time with their colleagues" IELTS WRITING (kèm bài viết thi thật HS đạt 6.0), IELTS cũng cung cấp Tổng hợp Section 3-4 topic Environment (Biology, Agriculture…) IELTS LISTENING.

Questions 21-24
Circle the correct answer.

21. At first, Fiona thinks that Martin’s tutorial topic is
A. inappropriate
B. dull
C. interesting
D. fascinating

22. According to Martin, the banana
A. has only recently been cultivated
B. is economical to grow
C. is good for your health
D. is his favourite food

23. Fiona listens to Martin because she
A. wants to know more about bananas
B. has nothing else to do today
C. is interested in the economy of Australia
D. wants to help Martin

24. According to Martin, bananas were introduced into Australia from
A. India
B. England
C. China
D. Africa

Questions 25-30
Complete Martin’s notes Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Commercially grown banana plant

Each banana tree produces (25) ........................... of bananas.
On modern plantations in tropical conditions, a tree can bear fruit after (26) .................................

Banana trees prefer to grow (27) ............................... and they require rich soil and (28) ............................... The fruit is often protected by (29) ........................................

Ripe bananas emit a gas which helps other (30) .................................

Questions 31 and 32
Circle the TWO correct boxes.

Question 31
Circle the correct letter A-D.

What percentage of the workforce was employed in agriculture in the mid-1900s?
A. 3%
B. 10%
C. 20%
D. 50%
Questions 32-33
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Three factors contributing to the efficiency of the agricultural sector are:

• 50-60 years of intelligent state support.
• the quality of (32) …………………… among those employed.
• the farmers’ investment in (33) ……………………………….

Questions 34-39
Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Question 40
Circle the correct letter A-C.
Farmers have a strong sense of solidarity because…
A. the media supports them.
B. they have a strong Union.
C. they have countrywide interests.

Questions 31-37

Circle the correct letters A-C.

31. The driest continent is...
A. Australia.
B. Africa.
C. Antarctica.

32. The evaporation rate in Australia is...
A. lower than Africa.
B. higher than Africa.
C. about the same as Africa.
33. Rainfall in Australia hardly penetrates the soil because...
A. the soil is too hard.
B. the soil is too hot.
C. plants use it up.

34. In sandy soils water can...
A. evaporate quickly.
B. seep down to rock.
C. wash the soil away.

35. Water is mainly pumped up for...
A. people to drink.
B. animals to drink.
C. watering crops.
36. Natural springs are located...
A. in unexplored parts of Australia.
B. quite commonly over all Australia.
C. in a few areas of Australia.

37. Underground water supplies…
A. 18% of Australia’s water.
B. 48% of Australia’s water.
C. 80% of Australia’s water.
Questions 38-40
Circle THREE letters A-E.
Which THREE of the following uses of dam water are mentioned?

A. providing water for livestock
B. watering farmland
C. providing water for industry
D. controlling flood water
E. producing hydro-electric power

QUESTIONS 31-40

Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

THE URBAN LANDSCAPE

Two areas of focus:

• the effect of vegetation on the urban climate
• ways of planning our 31 ...................  better

Large-scale impact of trees:

• they can make cities more or less 32 .........................
• in summer they can make cities cooler
• they can make inland cities more 33............................

Local impact of trees:

• they can make local areas
  • more 34........................
  • cooler
  • more humid
  • less windy
  • less 35 ........................

Comparing trees and buildings
Temperature regulation:

• trees evaporate water through their 36............................
• building surfaces may reach high temperatures

Wind force:

• tall buildings cause more wind at 37.................... level
• trees 38.................... the wind force

Noise:

• trees have a small effect on traffic noise
• 39 ......................... frequency noise passes through trees

Important points to consider:

• trees require a lot of sunlight, water and 40 .................... to grow

Questions 31-34
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER.

SHARKS IN AUSTRALIA

Length: largest caught: 16 meters
Weight: heaviest: (31) ....................... kgs
Skeleton: cartilage
Skin texture: rough barbs
Swimming aide: fins and (32) .......................
Food:

• gathered from the ocean (33) .........................
• Sharks locate food by using their (34) ......................

Questions 35-38
35. Shark meshing uses nets laid
A. along the coastline
B. at an angle to the beach
C. from the beach to the sea
36. Other places that have taken up shark meshing include
A. South Africa
B. New Zealand
C. Tahiti
37. The average number of sharks caught in nets each year is
A. 15
B. 150
C. 1,500
38. Most sharks are caught in
A. spring
B. summer
C. winter
Questions 39 and 40
Which TWO factors reduce the benefits of shark nets?
A. nets wrongly positioned
B. strong waves and currents
C. too many fish
D. sharks cat holes in nets
E. moving sands
F. nets too short
G. holes in nets scare shark

Questions 31-35
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

HOUSEHOLD WASTE RECYCLING

31. By 2008, carbon dioxide emissions need to be .................. lower than in 1990.

32. Recycling saves energy and reduces emissions from landfill sites and ....................

33. People say that one problem is a lack of ‘....................’ sites for household waste.

34. Glass designed to be utilised for ................. cannot be recycled with other types of glass.

35. In the UK, .................. tons of glass is recycled each year.

Questions 36-40
Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Questions 31-34

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

IRELAND IN THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD

31. According to the speaker, it is not clear
A. when the farming economy was introduced to Ireland.
B. why people began to farm in Ireland.
C. where the early Irish farmers came from.

32. What point does the speaker make about breeding animals in Neolithic Ireland?
A. Their numbers must have been above a certain level.
B. They were under threat from wild animals.
C. Some species died out during this period.

33. What does the speaker say about the transportation of animals?
A. Livestock would have limited the distance the farmers could sail.
B. Neolithic boats were too primitive to have been used.
C. Probably only a few breeding animals were imported.

34. What is the main evidence for cereal crops in Neolithic Ireland?
A. the remains of burnt grain in pots
B. the marks left on pots by grains
C. the patterns painted on the surface of pots.

Questions 35-40
Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

STONE TOOLS

35. Ploughs could either have been pulled by …… or by cattle. The farmers needed homes which were permanent dwellings.

36. In the final stages of axe-making ……………….. and ……………. were necessary for grinding and polishing.

37. Irish axes were exported from Ireland to …………………….. and England

POTTERY MAKING
The colonisers used clay to make pots.

38. The ……………………. of the pots was often polished to make them watertight.

39. Clay from ……………………. areas was generally used.

40. Decoration was only put around the ……………………. of the earliest pots.

Questions 31-34
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
31. When did Asiatic lions develop as a separate sub-species?
A. about 10,000 years ago
B. about 100,000 years ago
C. about 1,000,000 years ago
32. Pictures of Asiatic lions can be seen on ancient coins from
A. Greece
B. The Middle East
C. India
33. Asiatic lions disappeared from Europe
A. 2,500 years ago
B. 2,000 years ago
C. 1,900 years ago
34. Very few African lions have
A. a long mane
B. a coat with varied colours
C. a fold of skin on their stomach
Questions 35-40
Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.

THE GIR SANCTUARY

35. The sanctuary has an area of approximately ...................... square kilometers.
36. One threat to the lions in the sanctuary is ......................
37. The ancestors of the Gir Sanctuary lions were protected by a .........................
38. A large part of lions’ .................... consists of animals belonging to local farmers.
39. The lions sometimes ....................... especially when water is short.
40. In ancient India a man would fight a lion as a test of ......................

Questions 21 and 22
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.

OCEAN RESEARCH

The Robotic Float Project

• Float is shaped like a (21) .......................
• Scientists from (22) .................. have worked on the projects so far

Questions 23-25
Complete the diagram below. Write ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer.

THE OPERATIONAL CYCLE

Questions 26-30
In what time period can data from the float projects help with the following things?
Write the correct letter A, B or C next to questions 26-30.
26. understanding of El Nino
27. understanding of climate change
28. naval rescues
29. sustainable fishing practices
30. crop selection
A. At present
B. In the near future
C. In the long term future

Questions 21-24

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Honey Bees in Australia

21. Where in Australia have Asian honey bees been found in the past?

A. Queensland

B. New South Wales

C. several stales

22. A problem with Asian honey bees is that they

A. attack native bees

B. carry parasites

C. damage crops.

23. What point is made about Australian bees?

A. Their honey varies in quality.

B. Their size stops them from pollinating some flowers.

C. They are sold to customers abroad.

24. Grant Freeman says that if Asian honey bees got into Australian.

A. the country’s economy would be affected.

B. they could be used in the study of allergies.

C. certain areas of agriculture would benefit.

Questions 25-30

Complete the summary below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Looking for Asian honey bees

Birds called Rainbow Bee Eaters eat only 25……………………… , and cough up small bits of skeleton and other products in a pellet.

Researchers go to the locations the bee eaters like to use for 26………………………

They collect the pellets and take them to a 27……………………… for analysis.

Here 28……………………… is used to soften them, and the researchers look for the 29……………………… of Asian bees in the pellets.

The benefit of this research is that the result is more 30……………………… than searching for live Asian.

Questions 31 - 40

Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Mass Stranding of Whales and Dolphins

Mass stranding: situations where groups of whales. dolphins, etc. swim onto the beach and die

Common in areas where: the 31 ............... can change quickly.

Several other theories:

Parasites

e.g. some parasites; can affect murine animals`' 32 ...................... , which they depend on for navigation

Toxins

Poisons from 33 ...................... or ......................, which are commonly consumed by whales

eg. Cape Cod (l988) - whales were killed by saxitoxin

Accidental Strandings

Animals may follow prey ashore. eg. Thurston (1995)

Unlikely because the majority of animals were not 34 ...................... when they stranded

Human Activity

35 ................... from military tests are linked to some recent standings
The Bahamas (2000) stranding was unusual because the whales

• were all 36............
• Were not in a 37 ...........

Group Behavior

• More strandings in the most 38 ………………………….species of whales
• 1994 dolphin stranding — only the 39 …………………... was ill

Further Reading

Marine Mammals Ashore (Connor) gives information about stranding 40 …………………………..

Questions 31 and 32

Choose the correct letter A, B or C.

31. The owners of the underground house
A. had no experience of living in a rural area.
B. were interested in environmental issues.
C. wanted a professional project manager.

32. What does the speaker say about the site of the house?
A. The land was quite cheap.
B. Stone was being extracted nearby.
C. It was in a completely unspoiled area.

Questions 33-40

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/ORA NUMBER for each answer.

The Underground House

Design

• Built in the earth, with two floors
• The south-facing side was constructed of two layers of 33.................
• Photovoltaic tiles were attached
• A layer of foam was used to improve the 34 ................... of the building

Special features

• To increase the light, the building has many internal minors and 35................
• In future, the house may produce more 36 ……………………….than it needs
• Recycled wood was used for the 37 ................................ of the house
• The system for processing domestic 38 .............................. is organic

Environmental issues

• The use of large quantities of 39.......... in construction was environmentally harmful
• But the house will have paid its 'environmental debt' within 40 ...................

Questions 31-36
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.

Wildlife in city gardens

31. What led the group to choose their topic?

A. They were concerned about the decline of one species.
B. They were interested in the effects of city growth.
C. They wanted to Investigate a recent phenomenon.

32. The exact proportion of land devoted to private gardens was confirmed by
A. consulting some official documents.
B. taking large-scale photos.
C. discussions with town surveyors.

33. The group asked garden owners to
A. take part in formal interviews.
B. keep a record of animals they saw.
C. get in contact when they saw a rare species.

34. The group made their observations in gardens
A. which had a large number of animal species.
B. which they considered to be representative.
C. which had stable populations of rare animals.

35. The group did extensive reading on
A. wildlife problems in rural areas.
B. urban animal populations.
C. current gardening practices.

36. The speaker focuses on three animal species because
A. a lot of data has been obtained about them.
B. the group were most interested in them.
C. they best indicated general trends.

Questions 37-40

Complete the sentences below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Questions 31–40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

THE SPIRIT BEAR

General facts

• It is a white bear belonging to the black bear family.
• Its colour comes from an uncommon 31 ________.
• Local people believe that it has unusual 32 ________.
• They protect the bear from 33 ________.

Habitat

• The bear’s relationship with the forest is complex.
• Tree roots stop 34 ________ along salmon streams.
• The bears’ feeding habits provide nutrients for forest vegetation.
• It is currently found on a small number of 35 ________.

Threats

• Habitat is being lost due to deforestation and construction of 36 ________ by logging companies.
• Unrestricted 37 ________ is affecting the salmon supply.
• The bears’ existence is also threatened by their low rate of 38 ________.

Going forward

• Interested parties are working together.
• Logging companies must improve their 39 ________ of logging.
• Maintenance and 40 ________ of the spirit bears’ territory is needed.

Questions 31-40

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Ocean Biodiversity

Biodiversity hotspots

• areas containing many different species
• important for locating targets for 31 …………….
• at first only identified on land

Boris Worm, 2005

• identified hotspots for large ocean predators, e.g. sharks
• found that ocean hotspots:
  • were not always rich in 32 …………….
  • had higher temperatures at the 33 …………….
  • had sufficient 34 ……………. in the water

Lisa Ballance, 2007

• looked for hotspots for marine 35 …………….
• found these were all located where ocean currents meet

Census of Marine Life

• found new ocean species living:
  • under the 36 …………….
  • near volcanoes on the ocean floor

Global Marine Species Assessment

• want to list endangered ocean species, considering:
  • population size
  • geographical distribution
  • rate of 37 ………………
• Aim: to assess 20,000 species and make a distribution 38 …………… for each one

Recommendations to retain ocean biodiversity

• increase the number of ocean reserves
• establish 39 …………. corridors (e.g. for turtles)
• reduce fishing quotas
• catch fish only for the purpose of 40 …………….

Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

The use of soil to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere

Rattan Lal:

• Claims that 13% of CO₂ in the atmosphere could be absorbed by agricultural soils
• Erosion is more likely in soil that is (31) .....................
• Lai found soil in Africa that was very (32) ........................
• It was suggested that carbon from soil was entering the atmosphere

Soil and Carbon:

• Plants turn CO₂ from the air into carbon based substance such as (33) ................
• Some CO₂ moves from the (34) ................... of plants to microbes in soil
• Carbon was lost from the soil when agriculture was invented

Regenerative agriculture:

• uses established practices to make sure soil remains fertile and (35) ..................
• e.g. through year-round planting and increasing the (36) ................. of plants that are grown

California study:

• taking place on a big (37) .................. farm
• uses compost made from waste from agriculture and (38) ...................

Australia study:

• aims to increase soil carbon by using (39) .................. that are always green

Future developments may include:

• reducing the amount of fertilizer used in farming
• giving farmers (40) ................... for carbon storage, as well as their produce

Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below.Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

The effects of environmental change on birds

Mercury (Hg)

• Highly toxic
• Released into the atmosphere from coal
• In water it may be consumed by fish
• It has also recently been found to affect birds which feed on 31……………..

Research on effects of mercury on birds

• Claire Varian-Ramos is investigating
  • the effects on birds’ 32……………… or mental processes, e.g. memory
  • the effects on bird song (usually learned from a bird’s 33………………. )
• Findings:
  • songs learned by birds exposed to mercury are less 34……………….
  • this may have a negative effect on birds’ 35……………..
• Lab-based studies
  • allow more 36……………… for the experimenter

Implications for humans

• Migrating birds such as 37………………. containing mercury may be eaten by humans
• Mercury also causes problems in learning 38………………
• Mercury in a mother’s body from 39……………… may affect the unborn child
• New regulations for mercury emissions will affect everyone’s energy 40………………

Questions 21 – 25
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

21. Why is Jack interested in investigating seed germination?

A. He may do a module on a related topic later on.

B. He wants to have a career in plant science.

C. He is thinking of choosing this topic for his dissertation.
22. Jack and Emma agree the main advantage of their present experiment is that it can be

A. described very easily.

B. carried out inside the laboratory.

C. completed in the time available.
23. What do they decide to check with their tutor?

A. whether their aim is appropriate

B. whether anyone else has chosen this topic

C. whether the assignment contributes to their final grade
24. They agree that Graves’ book on seed germination is disappointing because

A. it fails to cover recent advances in seed science.

B. the content is irrelevant for them.

C. its focus is very theoretical.
25. What does Jack say about the article on seed germination by Lee Hall?

A. The diagrams of plant development are useful.

B. The analysis of seed germination statistics is thorough.

C. The findings on seed germination after fires are surprising.

Questions 26-30
Complete the flow-chart below. Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 26-30.

A. container

B. soil

C. weight

D. condition
E. height

F. colour

G. types

H. depths

Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Effects of urban environments on animals

Introduction

Recent urban developments represent massive environmental changes. It was previously thought that only a few animals were suitable for city life, e.g.

• the 31……………. – because of its general adaptability
• the pigeon – because walls of city buildings are similar to 32……………..

In fact, many urban animals are adapting with unusual 33…………….

Recent research

• Emilie Snell-Rood studied small urbanised mammal specimens from museums in Minnesota.
  • She found the size of their 34…………….. had increased.
  • She suggests this may be due to the need to locate new sources of 35……………. and to deal with new dangers.
• Catarina Miranda focused on the 36……………. of urban and rural blackbirds.
  • She found urban birds were often braver, but were afraid of situations that were 37……………
• Jonathan Atwell studies how animals respond to urban environments.
  • He found that some animals respond to 38……………… by producing lower levels of hormones.
• Sarah Partan’s team found urban squirrels use their 39…………….. to help them communicate.

Long-term possibilities

Species of animals may develop which are unique to cities. However, some changes may not be 40…………….. .

Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

The sleepy lizard (tiliqua rugosa)

Description

• They are common in Western and South Australia
• They are brown, but recognisable by their blue 31…………….
• They are relatively large
• Their diet consists mainly of 32…………….
• Their main predators are large birds and 33………………

Navigation study

• One study found that lizards can use the 34………………. to help them navigate

Observations in the wild

• Observations show that these lizards keep the same 35……………… for several years

What people want

• Possible reasons:
  • to improve the survival of their young (but little 36……………… has been noted between parents and children)
  • to provide 37………………. for female lizards

Tracking study

• A study was carried out using GPS systems attached to the 38……………… of the lizards
• This provided information on the lizards’ location and even the number of 39……………… taken
• It appeared that the lizards were trying to avoid one another
• This may be in order to reduce chances of 40………………..

Questions 21-25
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Cities built by the sea

21. Carla and Rob were surprised to learn that coastal cities

A. contain nearly half the world’s population.

B. include most of the world’s largest cities.

C. are growing twice as fast as other cities.
22. According to Rob, building coastal cities near to rivers

A. may bring pollution to the cities.

B. may reduce the land available for agriculture.

C. may mean the countryside is spoiled by industry.
23. What mistake was made when building water drainage channels in Miami in the 1950s?

A. There were not enough for them.

B. They were made of unsuitable materials.

C. They did not allow for the effects of climate change.
24. What do Rob and Carla think that the authorities in Miami should do immediately?

A. take measures to restore ecosystems

B. pay for a new flood prevention system

C. stop disposing of waste materials into the ocean
25. What do they agree should be the priority for international action?

A. greater coordination of activities

B. more sharing of information

C. agreement on shared policies

Questions 26-30
What decision do the students make about each of the following parts of their presentation?

Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to Questions 26-30.

Decisions

A. use visuals

B. keep it short

C. involve other students

D. check the information is accurate

E. provide a handout

F. focus on one example

G. do online research

Parts of the presentation

26. Historical background ……………..

27. Geographical factors ……………..

28. Past mistakes ……………..

29. Future risks ……………..

30. International implications ……………..

Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Marine renewable energy (ocean energy)

Introduction

More energy required because of growth in population and 31…………………..

What’s needed:

• renewable energy sources
• methods that won’t create pollution

Wave energy

Advantage: waves provide a 32………………… source of renewable energy

Electricity can be generated using offshore or onshore systems

Onshore systems may use a reservoir

Problems:

• waves can move in any 33…………………..
• movement of sand, etc. on the 34…………………… of the ocean may be affected

Tidal energy

Tides are more 35…………………. than waves

Planned tidal lagoon in Wales:

• will be created in a 36…………………. at Swansea
• breakwater (dam) containing 16 turbines
• rising tide forces water through turbines, generating electricity
• stored water is released through 37………………….., driving the turbines in the reverse direction

Advantages:

• not dependent on weather
• no 38…………………… is required to make it work
• likely to create a number of 39…………………..

Problem:

• may ham fish and birds, e.g. by affecting 40…………………. and building up silt

Ocean thermal energy conversion

Uses a difference in temperature between the surface and lower levels

Water brought to the surface in a pipe

Questions 21-24
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Woolly mammoths on St Paul’s Island

21. How will Rosie and Martin introduce their presentation?

A. with a drawing of woolly mammoths in their natural habit

B. with a timeline showing when woolly mammoths lived

C. with a video clip about woolly mammoths
22. What was surprising about the mammoth tooth found by Russell Graham?

A. It was still embedded in the mammoth’s jawbone.

B. It was from an unknown species of mammoth.

C. It was not as old as mammoth remains from elsewhere.
23. The students will use an animated diagram to demonstrate how the mammoths

A. became isolated on the island.

B. spread from the island to other areas.

C. coexisted with other animals on the island.
24. According to Martin, what is unusual about the date of the mammoths’ extinction on the island?

A. how exact it is

B. how early it is

C. how it was established

Questions 25-30
What action will the students take for each of the following sections of their presentation?

Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 25-30.

Actions

A. make it more interactive

B. reduce visual input

C. add personal opinions

D. contact one of the researchers

E. make detailed notes

F. find information online

G. check timing

H. organise the content more clearly
Sections of presentation

25. Introduction ………………

26. Discovery of the mammoth tooth ………………

27. Initial questions asked by the researchers ………………

28. Further research carried out on the island ………………

29. Findings and possible explanations ………………

30. Relevance to the present day ………………

Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

The history of weather forecasting

Ancient cultures

• many cultures believed that floods and other disasters were involved in the creation of the world
• many cultures invented 31………………… and other ceremonies to make the weather gods friendly
• people needed to observe and interpret the sky to ensure their 32………………….
• around 650 BC, Babylonians started forecasting, using weather phenomena such as 33………………….
• by 300 BC, the Chinese had a calendar made up of a number of 34…………………. connected with the weather

Ancient Greeks

• a more scientific approach
• Aristotle tried to explain the formation of various weather phenomena
• Aristotle also described haloes and 35…………………..

Middle Ages

• Aristotle’s work considered accurate
• many proverbs, e.g. about the significance of the colour of the 36…………………., passed on accurate information.

15th-19th centuries

• 15th century: scientists recognised value of 37…………………. for the first time
• Galileo invented the 38………………….
• Pascal showed relationship between atmospheric pressure and altitude
• from the 17th century, scientists could measure atmospheric pressure and temperature
• 18th century: Franklin identified the movement of 39…………………..
• 19th century: data from different locations could be sent to the same place by 40…………………

Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

The Eucalyptus Tree in Australia

Importance

• it provides 31……………. and food for a wide range of species
• its leaves provide 32…………….. which is used to make a disinfectant

Reasons for present decline in number

A) Diseases

(i) ‘Mundulla Yellows’

• Cause    
  • – lime used for making 33……………… was absorbed
  • – trees were unable to take in necessary iron through their roots

(ii) ‘Bell-miner Associated Die-back’

• Cause   
  • – 34………….. feed on eucalyptus leaves
  • – they secrete a substance containing sugar
  • – bell-miner birds are attracted by this and keep away other species

B) Bushfires

William Jackson’s theory:

• high-frequency bushfires have impact on vegetation, resulting in the growth of 35…………….
• mid-frequency bushfires result in the growth of eucalyptus forests, because they:

  • – make more 36……………. available to the trees

  • – maintain the quality of the 37……………….

• low-frequency bushfires result in the growth of 38 ‘……………….. rainforest’, which is:
  • – a 39………………. Ecosystem
  • – an ideal environment for the 40……………… of the bell-miner                  

Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Agricultural programme in Mozambique

How the programme was organised

• It focused on a dry and arid region in Chicualacuala district, near the Limpopo River.
• People depended on the forest to provide charcoal as a source of income.
• 31…………. was seen as the main priority to ensure the supply of water.
• Most of the work organised by farmers’ associations was done by 32…………….
• Fenced areas created to keep animals away from crops.
• The programme provided
  • 33……………. for the fences
  • 34……………. for suitable crops
  • water pumps.
• The farmers provided
  • labour
  • 35……………. for the fences on their land.

Further developments

• The marketing of produce was sometimes difficult due to lack of 36…………….. .
• Training was therefore provided in methods of food 37……………… .
• Farmers made special places where 38………………. could be kept.
• Local people later suggested keeping 39……………… .

Evaluation and lessons learned

• Agricultural production increased, improving incomes and food security.
• Enough time must be allowed, particularly for the 40……………… phase of the programme.

Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Early history of keeping clean

Prehistoric times:

• water was used to wash off 31……………..

Ancient Babylon

• soap-like material found in 32…………… cylinders

Ancient Greece

• people cleaned themselves with sand and other substances
• used a strigil – scraper made of 33………………
• washed clothes in streams

Ancient Germany and Gaul

• used soap to colour their 34………………

Ancient Rome

• animal fat, ashes and clay mixed through action of rain, used for washing clothes
• from about 312 BC, water carried to Roman 35……………… by aqueducts

Europe in Middle Ages

• decline in bathing contributed to occurrence of 36……………….
• 37………………. began to be added to soap

Europe from 17th century

• 1600s: cleanliness and bathing started becoming usual
• 1791: Leblanc invented a way of making soda ash from 38………………
• early 1800s: Chevreul turned soapmaking into a 39………………
• from 1800s, there was no longer a 40……………… on soap.

Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

THE EXTINCTION OF THE DODO BIRD

The dodo was a large flightless bird which used to inhabit the island of Mauritius.
History

• 1507 – Portuguese ships transporting 31 ………………. stopped at the island to collect food and water.
• 1638 – The Dutch established a 32 ………………. on the island.
• They killed the dodo birds for their meat.
• The last one was killed in 1681.

Description

• The only record we have is written descriptions and pictures (possibly unreliable).
• A Dutch painting suggests the dodo was very 33 ………………. .
• The only remaining soft tissue is a dried 34 ………………. .
• Recent studies of a dodo skeleton suggest the birds were capable of rapid 35 ………………. .
• It’s thought they were able to use their small wings to maintain 36 ………………. .
• Their 37 ………………. was of average size.
• Their sense of 38 ………………. enabled them to find food.

Reasons for extinction

• Hunting was probably not the main cause.
• Sailors brought dogs and monkeys.
• 39 ………………. also escaped onto the island and ate the birds’ eggs.
• The arrival of farming meant the 40 ………………. was destroyed.

Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Bird Migration Theory

Most birds are believed to migrate seasonally.

Hibernation theory

• It was believed that birds hibernated underwater or buried themselves in 31 …………………… .
• This theory was later disproved by experiments on caged birds.

Transmutation theory

• Aristotle believed birds changed from one species into another in summer and winter.
  • - In autumn he observed that redstarts experience the loss of 32 ………… and thought they then turned into robins.
  • - Aristotle’s assumptions were logical because the two species of birds had a similar 33 …………………… .

17th century

• Charles Morton popularised the idea that birds fly to the 34 …………………… in winter.

Scientific developments

• In 1822, a stork was killed in Germany which had an African spear in its 35 …………………… .
  • –  previously there had been no 36 …………………… that storks migrate to Africa
• Little was known about the 37 …………………… and journeys of migrating birds until the practice of ringing was established.
  • –  It was thought large birds carried small birds on some journeys because they were considered incapable of travelling across huge 38 …………………… .
  • –  Ringing depended on what is called the 39 ‘……………………’ of dead birds.
• In 1931, the first 40 …………………… to show the migration of European birds was printed.

Questions 31 – 40

Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Ceramics

31. Ceramics date back approximately ___________.

32. The first figurines were made in the area of ___________.

33. Early humans could not use their pots to store ___________.

34. The Chinese improved the quality of ceramics by mixing ___________with the clay

35. Chinese Porcelain was also called___________.

36. Bottger added quartz and ___________ to clay to make porcelain.

Glass

37. Glass production is similar to clay ceramics apart from the rate of ___________.

38. The Romans introduced the use of glass to make ___________.

Concrete

39. The discovery of concrete is probably due to observing reactions of water and ___________.

40. The ability to build large ___________ contributed to the success of the Roman Empire.

Questions 21-25

Complete flow-chart below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Paper Production And Recycling

Questions 26-30

Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

26. What part of the assignment is Alan going to start working on? …………………

27. Where will Melanie get more information on used paper collection? …………………

28. What will they add to the assignment to make it more interesting? …………………

29. What do they agree to complete by the end of the month? …………………

30. Who will they ask to review their work? …………………

Questions 21-26

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

21. Mike suggests they begin their presentation by

A. explaining what kind of harm is caused by fossil fuels.

B. pointing out that biofuels were in use before fossil fuels.

C. ensuring students know the difference between fossil fuels and biofuels.

22. Karina doesn’t want to discuss the production of ethanol because

A. other students will already be familiar with the process.

B. there will not be time to cover more important information.

C. they may not provide an accurate description.

23. Which source of biofuel do the students agree is least environmentally friendly?

A. sugar cane

B. corn

C. canola

24. What is the main problem facing the development of the biofuel industry in the USA?

A. inadequate infrastructure for transporting ethanol

B. not enough farmers growing biofuel crops

C. little government support of biofuel development

25. Karina doubts that sugar cane production in Brazil will

A. lead to the loss of wildlife habitats.

B. create a large number of jobs in the biofuel sector.

C. continue to provide enough energy for the country’s needs.

26. Karina and Mike concludes that in order to increase the use of biofuels

A. the price of fossil fuels must go up.

B. more machinery must be adapted to use them.

C. production methods must be more energy-efficient.

Questions 27-30

Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

What TWO biofuel-related problems do Mike and Karina decide to focus on in the last section of their presentation?

• 27…………………..
• 28…………………..

Which two sources of biofuel do Mike and Karina say are being tried out

• 29…………………..
• algae
• 30…………………..

Questions 31 - 40

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

New Caledonian crows and the use of tools

Examples of animals using tools

• Some chimpanzees use stones to break nuts.
• Betty (New Caledonian crow) made a 31……………… out of wire to move a bucket of food.
• Barney (New Caledonian crow) used sticks to find food.

New Zealand and Oxford experiment

• Three stages: crows needed to move a 32……………… in order to reach a short stick; then use the short stick to reach a long stick; then use the long stick to reach food.

Oxford research

• Crows used sticks to investigate whether there was any 33……………… from an object.
• Research was inspired by seeing crows using tools on a piece of cloth to investigate a spider design.
• Barney used a stick to investigate a snake made of 34………………
• Pierre used a stick to investigate a 35………………
• Corbeau used a stick to investigate a metal toad.
• The crows only used sticks for the first contact.

Conclusions of above research

• Ability to plan provides interesting evidence of the birds’ cognition.
• Unclear whether this is evidence of the birds’ 36………………

Exeter and Oxford research in New Caledonia

• Scientists have attached very small cameras to birds’ 37………………
• Food in the form of beetle larvae provides plenty of 38……………… for the birds.
• Larvae’s specific 39……………… composition can be identified in birds that feed on them.
• Scientists will analyse what the birds include in their 40………………

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